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operations described in Section 222, including ranking, moving aggregation, cube, and rollup A few examples of Oracle SQL extensions are: connect by, which is a form of tree traversal that allows transitive closurestyle calculations in a single SQL statement It is an Oracle-speci c syntax for a feature that Oracle has had since the 1980s Upsert and multitable inserts The upsert operation combines update and insert, and is useful for merging new data with old data in data warehousing applications If a new row has the same key value as an old row, the old row is updated (for example by adding the measure values from the new row), otherwise the new row is inserted into the table Multitable inserts allow multiple tables to be updated based on a single scan of new data with clause, which is described in Section 482

Quarter 1 2 3 4 Percent Target Earnings Guaranteed 100% 75% 50% 25% Payout Amount Guaranteed $8,75000 $6,56250 $4,37500 $2,18700 Cumulative Payout Guaranteed $ 8,75000 $15,31250 $19,68750 $21,87500

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Oracle has extensive support for object-relational constructs, including: Object types A single-inheritance model is supported for type hierarchies Collection types Oracle supports varrays which are variable length arrays, and nested tables Object tables These are used to store objects while providing a relational view of the attributes of the objects Table functions These are functions that produce sets of rows as output, and can be used in the from clause of a query Table functions in Oracle can be nested If a table function is used to express some form of data transformation, nesting multiple functions allows multiple transformations to be expressed in a single statement Object views These provide a virtual object table view of data stored in a regular relational table They allow data to be accessed or viewed in an objectoriented style even if the data are really stored in a traditional relational format Methods These can be written in PL/SQL, Java, or C User-de ned aggregate functions These can be used in SQL statements in the same way as built-in functions such as sum and count XML data types These can be used to store and index XML documents Oracle has two main procedural languages, PL/SQL and Java PL/SQL was Oracle s original language for stored procedures and it has syntax similar to that used in the Ada language Java is supported through a Java virtual machine inside the database engine Oracle provides a package to encapsulate related procedures, functions, and

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